Estimation of stones in gallbladder with FT-IR | JBES Journals

By: Ali Ibrahim Shar, Gul Afshan Soomro, Ghulam Abbas Shar, Muhammad Bachal Korai

Abstract

Forty (40) specimens of the gallstones were taken from the infected peoples who were admitted and cured in the Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences for Women, Shaheed Benazirabad, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. In our work gallstones (total 40) were found in the age ranges from 20-60 years for male (07) patients and from 20-65 years for female (33) patients. The greatest ratio of gallstones was found 21/40 in the age ranges 36-50 years of affected peoples. The occurrence of gallstones was higher in females than males and the sex ratio was found to be 1:4.7 male to female. The size and weight of gallstones vary and the size and weight of pure cholesterol stones were calculated as 0.36-2.27cm and 0.231-0.964g respectively while calcium carbonate stones were as 0.8-2.1cm and 0.305-0.646g respectively and 1.4-2.2cm size and 0.307-0.853g weight for calcium billirubinate gallstones were measured. In current work, the cholesterol gallstone was the most common type of gallstone. The 28 (70%) of sample stones were detected as pure cholesterol gallstones while pure calcium carbonate was 05 (12.5%) and 07 (17.5%) were calcium bilirubin out of 40 specimens of gallstones. The 28 gallstones were irregular and 12 were round in shape. Moreover, From 40 gallstone specimens, 29 were found with smooth surfaces while 11 were with rough surfaces.

Introduction

Medically, the process of forming a gallstone is called cholelithiasis (Zhou et al., 1997) which is usually a slow or long-term process that generally does not cause pain or other symptoms (Gurusamy and Davidson, 2014; Reshetnyak, 2012). Gallstones grow when some biliary solutes, such as cholesterol or calcium chloride, are precipitated as solid crystals and gradually grow into a gallbladder mucous lining (Maurer et al., 2009). The gallbladder is a slender pear- shaped organ in a right superior belly (Le Bail et al., 1992), the region below the liver which links chest to hips. Gallstones can vary between a1cm and 13cm in size. Single or multiple gallstones have various shapes, e.g. oval or circular, irregular or smooth surfaces (Bassi et al., 1994). Gallstones typically are white, yellow, brown, black, and green (Sikkandar et al., 2011). Gallstone components must be identified because it offers details that could be helpful to physicians in determining the root cause of gallstone and deciding whether patients with gallstones should be treated therapeutically or surgically (Channa et al., 2007). Unfortunately, the composition of gallstones is complex, and varies throughout and across the population of the world (Kratzer et al., 1999; Kleiner et al., 2002; Kalloo & Kantsevoy, 2001). Pure cholesterol stone prominence is much more common in Pakistan than pigment and mixed calculi. Gallstone disease is a major public health issue, associated with hospital admissions and surgical interventions. It is one of the most prevalent and costly gastrointestinal diseases, resulting in the Asian population having a large economic burden ranging from 3 to 15 per cent. Gallstone occurrence is most commonly associated with the dietary factors. The research study carried out on the composition of gallstones in various locations around the world demonstrated that the overall calorie intake of carbohydrates and fats was in close correlation with nutritional supplementation (Jaraari et al., 2010; Tsai et al., 2004). Most patients who have asymptomatic gallstones don't grow to have symptoms or complications related to gallstones, increasing evidences suggest that stones in gallbladder can be accompanied by an increase in overall mortality and other health issues like cancer, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Evan et al., 2016). The techniques of diagnosis includes abdominal ultrasound which could easily be done by general practitioners (Eslami et al., 2007) as well as cholescintigraphy (Krishnamurthy and Krishnamurthy, 1992; Sharma et al., 2015), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangio pancreatography (Portincasa et al., 2016). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT- IR) technique, commonly employed in chemistry, has recently been utilized for structural examination in biomedical studies due to its benefits compared to other methods of analysis (Bazin and Daudon, 2012; Bunaciu et al., 2014). This spectral method is extremely fast, requiring just a very low amount of sample, is very accurate and sensitive, giving repeatable outcomes (Yoo et al., 2008). FT-IR is an appropriate technique for analysis of gallstones (Ishida et al., 1987, Kleiner et al., 2002). Hence, we have analyzed the gallstones composition utilizing FT-IR spectroscopy in this current research work. Check out more Estimation of stones in gallbladder with FT-IR