disease risk Articles
-
Expert judgement and re-elicitation for prion disease risk uncertainties
Much uncertainty surrounds transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) through blood and blood derived products. A first expert elicitation with 14 experts was conducted in March 2008, and a second re-elicitation involving 11 experts was held a year later in March 2009. Both expert groups were calibrated using a series of seed questions for which values are known, and then ...
-
Effect of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Risk in North America
An understanding of the influence of climate change on Ixodes scapularis, the main vector of Lyme disease in North America, is a fundamental component in assessing changes in the spatial distribution of human risk for the disease. We used a climate suitability model of I. scapularis to examine the potential effects of global climate change on future Lyme disease risk in North America. A ...
-
Managing the risks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: a Canadian perspective
This paper reviews the history of the risk management challenges faced by many countries and regions of the world which have had cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from 1986 to the present. The paper first summarises the nature of prion diseases from a scientific perspective, and then presents an overview of the findings of an extensive set of country case studies, devoting special ...
-
Expert judgement and re–elicitation for prion disease risk uncertainties
Much uncertainty surrounds transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) through blood and blood derived products. A first expert elicitation with 14 experts was conducted in March 2008, and a second re–elicitation involving 11 experts was held a year later in March 2009. Both expert groups were calibrated using a series of seed questions for which values are known, and then ...
-
Risk analysis of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in animals: state-of-the-art
The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) crisis of the last two decades has shown that proper interaction of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication is essential. Mathematical models and risk assessments have been used as a basis for BSE risk management options and much of the legislation regarding the control and eradication of BSE. Much uncertainty regarding important input ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Spain
Despite the widespread occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in European countries in the late 1990s and the European Commission Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) report that cattle in Spain were likely infected with BSE agent, Spanish authorities continued to consider their country BSE-free. Some key European Union (EU) regulations to reduce BSE risk were enforced with delay, ...
-
Europe’s warming raises tropical disease risk
Add one more horror to the list of awful threats that climate change poses: it could introduce dengue fever in Europe. Dengue fever is already a hazard for 2.5 billion people in humid tropical regions, and 50-100 million people a year are infected by the mosquito-borne disease. It puts 500,000 of them in hospital each year, and kills around 12,000 − many of them children. And there is ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Belgium
Large imports of cattle and meat and bone meal from countries potentially affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may have led to the BSE agent entering Belgium, and the occurrence of domestic BSE cases. The first case was confirmed in 1997. The ability to avoid amplification of incoming infectivity, as well as to reduce already circulating infectivity, was greatly improved in Belgium ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Nordic countries
The prevalence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Nordic countries is low. To date, there have been 14 BSE cases in domestic cattle in Denmark, three cases in Danish cattle exported to other countries, one case in Finland, one in Sweden, and no cases in Norway. As of April 2008, no cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) have been identified. All Nordic countries had stopped ...
-
Risk management for bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: policy analysis and lessons learned
The experience of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk assessment and management in France was somewhat unique among BSE affected countries. Due to its proximity to the UK, the French meat and bone meal industry was challenged with particularly high amounts of infectivity from imported contaminated feed and infected cattle. Although France apparently had an adequate BSE control system ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Italy
Italy experienced two imported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in 1994 and viewed the disease as a 'foreign' problem. Early, precautionary actions including: a 1989 ban on UK meat and bone meal (MBM), 1990 ban on UK beef, 1994 domestic ban on mammalian MBM to ruminants, and 1996 ban on UK live cattle, protected Italy from a much larger outbreak. In 2001 Italy implemented an ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management strategies in the People's Republic of China
During the late 1970s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched a series of far-reaching economic reforms in rural areas of the country in order to develop a market economy; after three decades, these nationwide reforms have achieved enormous success. The country witnessed phenomenal growth in its economic development and became the second largest exporter in the world by 2005. With the ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Switzerland
In 1990, Switzerland became the first country in mainland Europe to report a native case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), despite a low level of live bovine and meat and bone meal (MBM) imports from the UK, the country generally recognised as the origin of the epidemic. Although an MBM to ruminant feed ban was immediately put into effect, the incidence of BSE continued to increase in ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease preventive risk management in the Russian Federation
To date, Russia has not reported any cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in its own territory. Qualitative self risk assessment indicated that if BSE occurred in the Russian Federation, the economic consequences would be devastating for its agriculture and economy. Preventive measures taken by the Russian Government to anticipate and reduce ...
-
The impact of variability in the risk of disease exemplified by diagnosing diabetes mellitus based on ADA and WHO criteria as gold standard
The diagnosis of clinically mute diabetes mellitus (DM) is based on a nominal concentration of fasting peripheral venous plasma glucose (f-vPG) at ≥7.0mmol/l, to be exceeded by first and confirmatory measurement. Aim: to identify error sources in the clinical use of biochemical data, to use the diagnostic concept for clinically mute DM. Materials and methods: error contributors were established. ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in the Netherlands
Imports of animal feeds containing contaminated meat and bone meal (MBM) from the UK and other countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s was identified as the major risk factor for an increased risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) entering into the Netherlands. The first BSE case was confirmed in March 1997. Early preventive measures, such as the 1989 domestic ban on ruminant MBM for ...
-
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Central European Countries: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Poland
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Poland are economically stable countries located in the Central and Eastern part of Europe that became European Union Member States on May 1, 2004. These countries reported their first domestic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases in 2001-2002. Several national and European Union legislative measures were adopted by veterinary officials to reduce ...
-
Measuring the uncertainties of pandemic influenza
It has become critical to assess the potential range of consequences of a pandemic influenza outbreak given the uncertainty about its disease characteristics while investigating risks and mitigation strategies of vaccines, antivirals, and social distancing measures. Here, we use a simulation model and rigorous experimental design with sensitivity analysis that incorporates uncertainty in the ...
-
Non-cancer disease mortality and risk analysis among medical X-ray workers in China
The non-cancer disease mortality (1950-1995) among 27 011 medical diagnostic X-ray workers was compared to that of 25 782 other medical specialists employed between 1950 and 1980 to provide evidence of human non-cancer disease death produced by protracted and fractionated exposure to ionising radiation and assess the resultant non-cancer disease death risk. The total non-cancer disease mortality ...
-
Environmental threats to children's health – a global problem
Today's children are exposed to a wide range of environmental threats, whose consequences on health and development may appear early in life, throughout their youth and even later, in adulthood. Health problems linked to environmental hazards are multiplying and becoming more visible due to a rapidly changing environment, rapid population growth, overcrowding, fast industrialisation and ...
Need help finding the right suppliers? Try XPRT Sourcing. Let the XPRTs do the work for you