encephalopathy Articles
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Risk analysis of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in animals: state-of-the-art
The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) crisis of the last two decades has shown that proper interaction of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication is essential. Mathematical models and risk assessments have been used as a basis for BSE risk management options and much of the legislation regarding the control and eradication of BSE. Much uncertainty regarding important input ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management strategies in the People's Republic of China
During the late 1970s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched a series of far-reaching economic reforms in rural areas of the country in order to develop a market economy; after three decades, these nationwide reforms have achieved enormous success. The country witnessed phenomenal growth in its economic development and became the second largest exporter in the world by 2005. With the ...
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Managing the risks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: a Canadian perspective
This paper reviews the history of the risk management challenges faced by many countries and regions of the world which have had cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from 1986 to the present. The paper first summarises the nature of prion diseases from a scientific perspective, and then presents an overview of the findings of an extensive set of country case studies, devoting special ...
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Expert judgement and re–elicitation for prion disease risk uncertainties
Much uncertainty surrounds transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) through blood and blood derived products. A first expert elicitation with 14 experts was conducted in March 2008, and a second re–elicitation involving 11 experts was held a year later in March 2009. Both expert groups were calibrated using a series of seed questions for which values are known, and then ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease preventive risk management in the Russian Federation
To date, Russia has not reported any cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in its own territory. Qualitative self risk assessment indicated that if BSE occurred in the Russian Federation, the economic consequences would be devastating for its agriculture and economy. Preventive measures taken by the Russian Government to anticipate and reduce ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Belgium
Large imports of cattle and meat and bone meal from countries potentially affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may have led to the BSE agent entering Belgium, and the occurrence of domestic BSE cases. The first case was confirmed in 1997. The ability to avoid amplification of incoming infectivity, as well as to reduce already circulating infectivity, was greatly improved in Belgium ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Spain
Despite the widespread occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in European countries in the late 1990s and the European Commission Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) report that cattle in Spain were likely infected with BSE agent, Spanish authorities continued to consider their country BSE-free. Some key European Union (EU) regulations to reduce BSE risk were enforced with delay, ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Nordic countries
The prevalence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Nordic countries is low. To date, there have been 14 BSE cases in domestic cattle in Denmark, three cases in Danish cattle exported to other countries, one case in Finland, one in Sweden, and no cases in Norway. As of April 2008, no cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) have been identified. All Nordic countries had stopped ...
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Risk management for bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France: policy analysis and lessons learned
The experience of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk assessment and management in France was somewhat unique among BSE affected countries. Due to its proximity to the UK, the French meat and bone meal industry was challenged with particularly high amounts of infectivity from imported contaminated feed and infected cattle. Although France apparently had an adequate BSE control system ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Central European Countries: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Poland
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia and Poland are economically stable countries located in the Central and Eastern part of Europe that became European Union Member States on May 1, 2004. These countries reported their first domestic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases in 2001-2002. Several national and European Union legislative measures were adopted by veterinary officials to reduce ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Switzerland
In 1990, Switzerland became the first country in mainland Europe to report a native case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), despite a low level of live bovine and meat and bone meal (MBM) imports from the UK, the country generally recognised as the origin of the epidemic. Although an MBM to ruminant feed ban was immediately put into effect, the incidence of BSE continued to increase in ...
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Expert judgement and re-elicitation for prion disease risk uncertainties
Much uncertainty surrounds transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) through blood and blood derived products. A first expert elicitation with 14 experts was conducted in March 2008, and a second re-elicitation involving 11 experts was held a year later in March 2009. Both expert groups were calibrated using a series of seed questions for which values are known, and then ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in Italy
Italy experienced two imported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in 1994 and viewed the disease as a 'foreign' problem. Early, precautionary actions including: a 1989 ban on UK meat and bone meal (MBM), 1990 ban on UK beef, 1994 domestic ban on mammalian MBM to ruminants, and 1996 ban on UK live cattle, protected Italy from a much larger outbreak. In 2001 Italy implemented an ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management in the Netherlands
Imports of animal feeds containing contaminated meat and bone meal (MBM) from the UK and other countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s was identified as the major risk factor for an increased risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) entering into the Netherlands. The first BSE case was confirmed in March 1997. Early preventive measures, such as the 1989 domestic ban on ruminant MBM for ...
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Concussion and baseball – how common is it?
Much of the conversation about concussions has been focused on football. The violence of the game, coupled with recent studies that have shown how prevalent chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is in retired players, has brought a lot of attention to the sport. But concussions are a problem in all sports, including baseball. The number of concussions in baseball is troublesome, and they are ...
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Things You Should Know About Liver Transplant in India
India has the second-largest transplantation program in the world. Unfortunately, it still suffers from a long waiting list. This is due to low awareness among people about organ donation and the lack of living donors. There are various initiatives taken by different organizations and Liver Transplant Hospital in India to promote organ donation. These include many media campaigns and activities ...
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Nature: Structure-based classification of tauopathies
Abnormal accumulation of misfolded tau in filaments is characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases—precisely for this reason, these neurodegenerative diseases are collectively referred to as tauopathy. The Michel Goedert team and the Sjors Scheres team at the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Medical Research Council in Cambridge, UK, witnessed the use of cryo-EM to dissect tau ...
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Onchocerciasis Vaccine Research - Case Study
What is onchocerciasis? Onchocerciasis or river blindness is a human disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus, and it endangers approximately 120 million people each year globally. When the worms become adults, they can live for over a decade in knots ("nodules") under the skin and release millions of of smaller worms or microfilariae. Circulating microfilariae cause many clinical ...
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Avail The Best Treatment of Liver Transplant in Delhi
The liver is one of the most vital organs of the body. It means one cannot live without the proper functioning of the liver. It performs many critical functions of the body which include enhancing metabolism of the body, removing degrading products, and synthesis of enzymes and proteins. The main function of the liver is that the blood enters the liver through two chains – one is the ...
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