Necrosis Articles
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Nanobodies Definition, Structure, Advantages and Applications
What is a Nanobody?Nanobodies are the smallest functional single-domain antibodies known to be able to stably bind to antigens, and have unique structural and functional advantages. The molecular weight of nanobodies is only 12-15 kDa, which retains the antigen binding ability of traditional antibodies. However, nanobodies have higher solubility and stability, and have unique advantages in ...
By BOC Sciences
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates: New Strategies of ADC Payloads
The concept of ADCs was first proposed by Nobel Prize winner Paul Ehrlich in 1913. But it was not until 1975, when hybridoma technology began to be used to produce monoclonal antibodies, that the era of ADC drug development truly began. Driven by increasingly mature technology, ADC drugs have gone through three iterations (Fig. 1). Although ADCs have gone through three iterations, current ...
By BOC Sciences
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Cytokines: The Master Regulators of Immunity and Inflammation
Cytokines are a broad class of tiny proteins that are essential for controlling inflammation and immunological responses. Numerous cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immunological cells, and epithelial cells, produce these signaling molecules. Serving as intermediaries, they synchronize various cell functions to elicit the body's defense mechanisms against infections, tissue ...
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Cytokines in CAR-T Cell Therapy
What is CAR T-cell therapy? Car-t cell therapy involves genetically engineering T cells isolated from patients or allogeneic donors to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) that specifically recognize and kill tumor cells. As a "living" drug, CAR-T therapy is very different from traditional drugs. It is a new type of precision targeted therapy for the treatment of tumors. Compared with ...
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Characteristics and Applications of Luminex Multiplex Technology
Luminex multiplex assays is a multi-functional, multi-indicator parallel analysis system that organically integrates color-coded beads, laser technology, applied fluidics, the latest high-speed digital signal processor and computer algorithms to create a high degree of specificity and sensitivity for multi-factor detection. It can be widely used in immunoassay, nucleic acid research, enzymatic ...
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Cytokines: Characteristics, Applications, and Quantitative Analysis
Cytokines represent a class of small protein molecules that exhibit diverse biological activities. These molecules are synthesized and secreted primarily by immune cells (including monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, and NK cells) as well as certain non-immune cells (such as endothelial cells, epidermal cells, and fibroblasts) upon specific stimulation. Cytokines play pivotal roles in ...
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Unraveling the IL-17 Family and its Receptor Complex: Key Players in Immune Responses
Autoimmune disease target - IL-17 Family IL-17 plays an important role in promoting autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Currently, five large-molecule biopharmaceuticals targeting IL-17/IL-17R are available worldwide, including four IL-17 monoclonal antibodies and one IL-17RA monoclonal antibody, namely Secukinumab(Novartis), Ixekizumab(Eli ...
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The Crucial Role of Cytokines in Biomedical Research and Drug Development
Low Endotoxin Cytokines Matters Organoid culture, CAR-T cell therapy, stem cell therapy, and other topics have become broadly discussed among biomedical researchers. In fact, it is not difficult to see that these advanced technologies are all related to cell culture. In order to maintain efficient growth, proliferation, and differentiation during in vitro cell culture, many cell cultures require ...
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Autoimmune Diseases Targets
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a multifunctional cytokine that acts on various cell types, including dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells, affecting their maturation, survival, and recruitment. It is well-known for its role in promoting type 2 immune responses, such as allergic diseases. In 2021, a monoclonal antibody targeting ...
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Cytokine Storms and Viral Infections
Cytokines are small soluble proteins that are secreted by immune cells and tissue cells to play a regulatory role between cells, including interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSF), tumor necrosis factors (TNF) and so on. Cytokines function in autocrine, paracrine or endocrine forms, and can regulate cell growth and differentiation, modulate immune response ...
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Inflammatory Cytokines Profile
Cytokines are classified according to their different roles in the inflammatory response: pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-1 (IL-1) IL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that activates a variety of immune and inflammatory cells and is secreted mainly by monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and endothelial cells. IL-1 consists of two ...
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A Novel, High-Throughput Platform to Characterize Novel IBD Therapeutics
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-a) is a potent cytokine that is over-expressed by cells during chronic intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, TNF-a represents the most validated clinical target for ulcerative colitis (UC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) with multiple emerging neutralizing/inflammation-reducing therapeutics targeting this cytokine for inactivation. TNF-a activation of ...
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What Are the Cytokines?
Cytokines are a class of small molecule proteins secreted by cells that mediate and regulate immune processes, and they act in an autocrine, paracrine and endocrine manner. More than 200 types of human cytokines have been identified, which can be generally classified into interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines, growth factors, etc. according to ...
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Suture Knotting Techniques
Sutures are sterile surgical strands or threads used to sew damaged body tissues together after an injury and repair lacerations. Once the sutures are satisfactorily placed, they must be secured with knots, which should be tightened sufficiently to approximate the wound edges without constricting the tissues or impeding blood flow. That said, a completed knot should be firm so that it ...
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Roseburia spp. Abundance Associates with Alcohol Consumption in Humans and Its Administration Ameliorates Alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice
Highlights The depletion of Roseburia is associated with alcohol consumption in human cohorts R. intestinalis ameliorates the experimental ALD in mice regardless of viability Flagellin from R. intestinalis protects on ethanol-disrupted gut barrier functions The ethanol-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis is restored by R. intestinalis Summary Although a link between the gut microbiota ...
By KoBioLabs
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Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)
Cause of the Disease Infectious pancreatic necrosis (also known as Acute catarrhal enteritis) is one of the first described and most extensively studied diseases of fish. There are strains and substrains of IPN virus that can be differentiated by serological, biochemical and genetic means. The VR-299 (type 1) strain was originally isolated in North America and has since been found almost ...
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Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) (Part 2)
This virus was first discovered in P. vannamei and P. stylirostris in the America, starting in Hawaii. However, it was probably not an indigenous virus, but was thought to have been introduced along with live P.monodon from Asia. IHHNV has probably existed for some time in Asia without detection due to its insignificant effects on P. monodon, the major cultured species in Asia, meaning that ...
By Vinnbio
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Impacts of acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome
Summary: Research continues in the global efforts to identify the cause of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome in farmed shrimp and find solutions to stop the major losses caused by its spread. Prices will likely continue to increase as supply fails to meet demand, and production dynamics will shift, as they have due to other diseases. Will such shifts result in long-term changes in ...
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Bioaccesible heavy metals‐sediment particles from Reconquista River induce lung inflammation in mice
The Reconquista River (RR), one of the most polluted watercourses in Argentina, receives effluent discharges from heavily industrialized and highly populated settlements. During winter and summer, the floodplain remains dry, producing the oxidation of sulfide and organic matter present in the sediment, making heavy metals more bio‐accessible. Dispersion of this sediment occurs, and thus harmful ...
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The putative α-1,2-mannosyltransferase AfMnt1 of the opportunistic fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus is required for cell wall stability and full virulence
Proteins entering the eukaryotic secretory pathway commonly are glycosylated. Important steps in this posttranslational modification are carried out by mannosyltransferases. In this study, we investigated the putative {alpha}-1,2-mannosyltransferase AfMnt1 of the human pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. AfMnt1 belongs to a family of enzymes that comprises nine members in Saccharomyces ...
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