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End-stage renal (or kidney) disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter the blood to remove harmful substances through the production of urine. Loss of this function results in hemodynamic changes and accumulation of metabolic waste leading to a number of clinical symptoms, such as high blood pressure or uremia and kidney failure. When about 90% of function is lost, the patient requires artificial filtration and mechanical removal of waste via dialysis and in worst cases kidney transplantations.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects an estimated 2.5 million people worldwide. It is the most widespread disabling neurological condition of young adults. MS develops at any age, but most people are diagnosed between ages of 20 and 50. There is no single test for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, different stages of MS cannot be determined in advance. The first step in diagnosing the disease involves a careful study of a patient’s medical history combined with a thorough physical and neurologic examination, while ruling out other possible causes of neurodegenerative symptoms.

Development of chronic renal disease (chronic kidney disease; CKD) is a common consequence of many medical conditions, and its prevalence is rising. Predominant causes of CKD are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is one of the most common tests employed and a part of all standard blood panels. GFR is used to assess kidney health and kidney function. GFR is consequently the most important marker for impaired renal function.

Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Approximately 38 % of men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetimes (based on 2013 – 2015 data¹). Cancer can occur in any organ and in any cell type and the variability in clinical presentation makes early diagnosis difficult. Common cancers with established benefit of early diagnosis but for which there are no sensitive or specific tests are prostate, bladder and liver cancer¹. Expensive imaging procedures are routinely required in clinical practice for diagnosis or to monitor disease progression of these cancers. To date, there are no accurate biomarkers for either diagnosis or disease progression monitoring for prostate, bladder or liver cancer. Often the poor accuracy of existing cancer biomarkers confuses clinical decision making rather than assist in disease diagnosis or monitoring.