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Advances in the understanding of basal ganglia circuitry and its altered function in disease states such as Parkinson`s disease (PD), coupled with new insights into the mechanisms of cell death and new findings from therapeutic clinical trials, are being translated into clinical practice. Although levodopa (L-Dopa) remains the most effective drug in the symptomatic treatment of PD, the emergence of side effects, particularly motor fluctuations and dysk
Levodopa serves as the gold standard of anti-parkinsonian therapy and nearly every patient with Parkinson`s disease eventually receives this drug. To improve upon levodopa therapy, several forms of treatment have been devised to augment its actions, and new delivery systems are under development. This new research offers promise for improving outcomes with this highly effective therapy.
This review describes the different drug delivery systems containing levodopa that are used in the treatment of Parkinson`s disease. Their composition, process of preparation, advantages, disadvantages and limitations are discussed as well as the major objective in the management of Parkinson`s disease according to the pathology of the disease.
Although patients with Parkinson`s disease usually respond to dopaminergic therapy with a smooth, continued effect when medication is first initiated, many patients eventually develop a fluctuating response along with involuntary movements (dyskinesias). The fluctuations in motor response often result in patients requiring more frequent dosing of medication that is less convenient, and they begin to lose control of their daily life. Their ability to wo
During its almost half-century of use for treating Parkinson`s disease, levodopa therapy has permitted most patients to reverse much of this disorder`s symptomatology. However, the full range of its therapeutic properties is not completely understood, as levodopa is showing itself to be more than just a metabolic intermediate for dopamine synthesis. Improving the constancy of drug delivery is the next frontier for enhancing therapeutic options with lev