Medical Diagnostics Articles
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Linking survival and biomarker responses over time
The practical usefulness of biomarkers is limited by the complexity of linking their responses to life‐history traits of the organisms (e.g., survival, growth, reproduction) over time. Here we present a first attempt to simultaneously model biomarker responses and survival over time with a toxicokinetic‐toxicodynamic approach. Even though more work is clearly needed, the present study provides ...
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Endocrine disruption by di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐phthalate (DEHP) in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)
Great concern has been raised over the potential impact of environmental contaminants on fish populations that inhabit in the Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR). In the present study, we investigated the endocrine disrupting effects of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐phthalate (DEHP), on the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), an endemic fish distributing upstream waters in the Yangtze River. Adult rare ...
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THE IMPACT OF ENDOCRINE‐DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN ZEBRAFISH EMBRYOS
Bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) are well‐known endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, and present an ecotoxicological risk for the health of aquatic organisms. Limited attention has been given to the immunotoxicity of these chemicals. The present study revealed a concentration‐dependent increase of reactive oxygen species content and an induced ...
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The survival of mycobacteria in pure human urine
Mycobacterial pathogens can be excreted in human urine by some infected individuals. High numbers of pathogenic mycobacteria in the urine could represent a new transmission route for mycobacterial infections if the urine is used for crop fertilization. In this study, the survival of spiked Mycobacterium aurum and M. fortuitum as fast-growing mycobacteria and M. avium and M. bovis as ...
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Detection of biomarker p53 mutated gene by a silicon nanowire nanosensor
Among biosensors of various types, the silicon nanowire field–effect transistor (SiNW–FET) is believed to be the most sensitive and powerful device for bio–applications. In fact, these devices have demonstrated the ability to detect a variety of analyses such as particular DNA sequences, cancer biomarkers and larger entities such as viruses. The principle of sensing is based on the variation of ...
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Glucose biosensor based on platinum nanowires: a clinical study
We describe the process of modification of the platinum (Pt) nanowire surface and subsequent immobilisation of enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on Pt nanowires (PtNWs) for direct glucose measurement. A cyclic voltammetry technique was used to measure electrochemical oxidation between GOx and glucose. PtNW arrays were first fabricated and then functionalised with cysteamine, which in turn acted as a ...
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TOWARDS IMPROVED MODELS FOR PREDICTING BIOCONCENTRATION OF WELL‐METABOLIZED COMPOUNDS BY RAINBOW TROUT USING MEASURED RATES OF IN VITRO INTRINSIC CLEARANCE
Models were developed to predict the bioconcentration of well‐metabolized chemicals by rainbow trout. The models employ intrinsic clearance data from in vitro studies with liver S9 fractions or isolated hepatocytes to estimate a liver clearance rate which is extrapolated to a whole‐body biotransformation rate constant (kMET). Estimated kMET values are then used as inputs to a mass‐balance ...
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Randomized controlled trial comparing three methods of liver retraction in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Article Overview Traditional liver retractors require another wound for insertion, are bulky, and may cause iatrogenic liver injury. This study aimed to evaluate differences between three methods of liver retraction during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass (LRYGB) and to compare novel liver retraction techniques with the traditional mechanical liver retractor in a randomized controlled ...
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Functionalised silica nanoparticles stable in serum–containing medium efficiently deliver siRNA targeting HIV–1 co–receptor CXCR4 in mammalian cells
The development of non–viral DNA delivery systems using nanomaterials has attracted much research interest for its potential in biomedicine. However, for these new nanocarriers to be successfully used in therapeutic applications they have to overcome many barriers. Here, we report the development and characterisation of polyethyleneimine–modified tetramethylrhodamine–doped silica nanoparticles as ...
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Associations between perfluoroalkyl compounds and immune and clinical chemistry parameters in highly exposed bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are ubiquitous, persistent chemical contaminants found in the environment, wildlife, and humans. Despite the widespread occurrence of PFCs, little is known about the impact these contaminants have on the health of wildlife populations. We investigated the relationship between PFCs (including Σperfluorocarboxylates, Σperfluoroalkyl sulfonates, perfluorooctane ...
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Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) affects hormone receptor activity, steroidogenesis, and expression of endocrine‐related genes in vitro and in vivo
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread and persistent chemical in the environment. We investigated the endocrine‐disrupting effects of PFOS using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. Reporter gene assays were used to detect receptor‐mediated (anti‐)estrogenic, (anti‐)androgenic, and (anti‐)thyroid hormone activities. The effect of PFOS on steroidogenesis was assessed both at ...
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Innovative use of a bacterial enzyme involved in sialic acid degradation to initiate sialic acid biosynthesis in glycoengineered insect cells
Abstract The baculovirus/insect cell system is widely used for recombinant protein production, but it is suboptimal for recombinant glycoprotein production because it does not provide sialylation, which is an essential feature of many glycoprotein biologics. This problem has been addressed by metabolic engineering, which has extended endogenous insect cell N-glycosylation pathways and enabled ...
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Novel nanoplatform for oral delivery of anti–cancer biomacromolecules
Oral administration of bio–macromolecules is an uphill task and the challenges from varying pH and enzymatic activity are difficult to overcome. In this regard, nanotechnology promises the new hope and offers advantages such as controlled release, target specific delivery, combinatorial therapy and many more. In this study, we demonstrate the formulation of a novel alginate enclosed, chitosan ...
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Augmentation of anti–tumour activity of cisplatin by pectin nano–conjugates in B–16 mouse model: pharmacokinetics and in–vivo biodistribution of radio–labelled, hydrophilic nano–conjugates
Nanoconjugates have matured from simple devices to multifunctional, biodegradable, non–toxic and non–immunogenic constructs, capable of delivering synergistically functioning drugs in vivo. The present study evaluates the efficacy of drug polymer self folding nano–conjugates of pectin–cisplatin to enhance blood circulating levels of cisplatin. Physical characterisation was done by DLS, zeta ...
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Subacute toxicity of selenium sources in mice
Sixteen groups of mice were fed diets containing different selenium species to compare their toxicity. Inorganic sodium selenate and sodium hydroselenite, elementary nanoSe, organic Sel‐Plex, and Lacto‐MicroSelenium were administered for 14 d at concentrations of 0.5, 5, and 50 ppm Se, equivalent to 0.5, 5, and 50 mg Se/kg food, corresponding to an estimated 4, 40, and 400 µg/kg bw/d Se uptake, ...
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Dynamic process modelling of patients' no–show rates and overbooking strategies in healthcare clinics
Clinic appointment cancellation and 'no–shows' by patients can disturb day–to–day scheduling and lead to inefficient resource allocation and lost revenue. This paper presents an approach for dynamic process modelling and analysis of patients' no–show rates in conjunction with the overbooking strategy. To this end, a dynamic discrete event simulation model of a clinic ...
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Gene expression, glutathione status, and indicators of hepatic oxidative stress in laughing gull (Larus atricilla) hatchlings exposed to methylmercury
Despite extensive studies of methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity in birds, molecular effects on birds are poorly characterized. To improve our understanding of toxicity pathways and identify novel indicators of avian exposure to Hg, the authors investigated genomic changes, glutathione status, and oxidative status indicators in liver from laughing gull (Larus atricilla) hatchlings that were exposed ...
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Incidence of jaw lesions and activity and gene expression of hepatic P4501A enzymes in mink (Mustela vison) exposed to dietary 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐P‐dioxin, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzofuran, and 2,3,4,7,8‐pentachlorodibenzofuran
This study assessed the effects of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8‐pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), and 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) on the incidence of jaw lesions and on hepatic cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) endpoints in mink (Mustela vison). Adult female mink were assigned randomly to one of 13 dietary treatments (control and four increasing doses of TCDD, PeCDF, or ...
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Adult fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, partial life‐cycle reproductive and gonadal histopathology study with bisphenol A
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an intermediate used to produce epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Although BPA degrades rapidly in the environment with aquatic half‐lives from 0.5 to 6 d, it can be found in aquatic systems from widespread use. To evaluate potential effects from chronic exposure, fathead minnows were exposed for 164 d to nominal concentrations of 1, 16, 64, 160, and 640 µg/L BPA. ...
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How Genetic Algorithms Have Helped in Computational Problem Solving
In the last installment of this blog, I talked about how an improved understanding of the way in which biological systems handle complex decision making can be used to design computational approaches to complex problems. In particular, I discussed how the vast amounts of biological data we have accumulated are being studied through the use of neural networks. These networks represent computer ...
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