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Fructose

MCE China：Fructose

Brand：MedChemExpress (MCE)

Cat. No.HY-N0395

CAS：7660-25-5

Synonyms：beta-D-Fructopyranose

Purity：99.92%

Storage：Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year

Shipping：Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Description：Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

In Vitro：Fructose, at low concentrations do not cause any significant increase of Tissue factor (TF)-mRNA levels. On the contrary, higher Fructose concentrations cause increase in TF mRNA levels at 60 min, as compare to unstimulated cells. Increasing Fructose concentrations causes significant decrease of tPA-mRNA levels. SOD significantly prevents Fructose induced NF-κB activation which is associated with the parallel reduction of Fructose-induced TF expression/activity[1].

In Vivo：Myosin H Chain Fragment, mouse can be used for animal modelling to construct myocarditis models[1][2]. .f12{ font-size: 12px; } .fwb{ font-weight: bold; } .lh22{ line-height: 22px;; } .lh23 { line-height: 23px; } .pl13{ padding-left: 13px;; } .part { margin-top: 18px; } .mold-first-tit { width: 100%; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; background: #F9F7FB; border-bottom: 1px solid #EBE4F6; padding-left: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 17px; } .mold-second-tit:before { content:; width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(255,102,0,0.4); margin-right: 12px; position: relative; top: -3px; } .lft-border { border-left: 1px dotted #EBE4F6; padding-right: 12px; margin-left: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 12px; } /* .part .dec:last-child { border-bottom: 0; } */ .dec { margin: 10px 15px 0; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #EBE4F6; } .btm-border { border-left: 1px dashed #EBE4F6; } .text-bg { margin-top: 10px; background: #FFFBF1; padding: 14px; border-bottom: 0; position: relative; } .text-note-bg { margin-top: 10px; background: #FFFDF7; padding: 12px; border-bottom: 0; position: relative; } .text-note { width: 51px; height: 20px; line-height: 20px; background: #FFE2AA; text-align: center; border-radius: 0 0 8px 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; } .text-note-dec { margin-top: 15px;; } 1. Induction of high uric acid[3] Background Fructose accelerates the synthesis of purines, increases the production of uric acid, reduces the excretion of uric acid by affecting kidney function, and also produces a large amount of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, activating inflammatory signaling pathways and promoting uric acid production. Specific Mmodeling Methods Mice: ICR male mice • 18-22 gAdministration: 30% Fructose in drinking water • intragastrically • for six weeks Note (1) Mice were placed in a temperature and humidity controlled environment with a 12 h light-dark cycle[3].(2) Fresh drinking water was replaced every 2 days[3].(3) 24 h urine volume was collected and recorded[3]. Modeling Indicators Molecular changes: mouse renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) increased protein levels, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) decreased protein levels, and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and OCT2 were downregulated. Increases protein levels of TLR4 and MyD88 in the kidneys. NLRP3 inflammasome is activated and IL-1β secretion is increased[3].Tissue changes: Infiltration of inflammatory cells in mouse glomeruli[3].Metabolic changes: Increase serum uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen levels, reduce urine uric acid and creatinine levels (FEUA is significantly reduced)[3]. Correlated Product(s): / Opposite Product(s): / .f12{ font-size: 12px; } .fwb{ font-weight: bold; } .lh22{ line-height: 22px;; } .lh23 { line-height: 23px; } .pl13{ padding-left: 13px;; } .part { margin-top: 18px; } .mold-first-tit { width: 100%; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; background: #F9F7FB; border-bottom: 1px solid #EBE4F6; padding-left: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 17px; } .mold-second-tit:before { content:; width: 6px; height: 6px; display: inline-block; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(255,102,0,0.4); margin-right: 12px; position: relative; top: -3px; } .lft-border { border-left: 1px dotted #EBE4F6; padding-right: 12px; margin-left: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 12px; } /* .part .dec:last-child { border-bottom: 0; } */ .dec { margin: 10px 15px 0; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #EBE4F6; } .btm-border { border-left: 1px dashed #EBE4F6; } .text-bg { margin-top: 10px; background: #FFFBF1; padding: 14px; border-bottom: 0; position: relative; } .text-note-bg { margin-top: 10px; background: #FFFDF7; padding: 12px; border-bottom: 0; position: relative; } .text-note { width: 51px; height: 20px; line-height: 20px; background: #FFE2AA; text-align: center; border-radius: 0 0 8px 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; } .text-note-dec { margin-top: 15px;; } 2. Induction of type 2 diabetes[4] Background Fructose's metabolites induce insulin resistance, and the reactive oxygen species produced lead to oxidative stress, activate inflammatory responses and affect the action of insulin. Fructose is rapidly metabolized in the liver, resulting in excess production, leading to obesity and hyperlipidemia. Specific Mmodeling Methods Rats: Male Sprague Dawley rats • 200-250 gAdministration: 65% fructose • oral administration • 8 weeks of feeding Note (1) At 3 and 8 weeks, blood was collected from the retroorbital plexus using small capillary tubes and serum was collected for biochemical analysis[4]. Modeling Indicators Molecular changes: Serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, uric acid levels and insulin resistance were significantly increased. TBARS in liver tissue increased and GSH levels decreased[4]. Correlated Product(s): / Opposite Product(s): /

Animal Administration：50 young adult (7-wk-old) male C57BL6 wild-type mice (~18 g) are divided into 10 cages and acclimatized to a reversed light cycle. Mice are fed a nonpurified commercial diet ad libitum for the first 4 days. On the 5th day and then throughout the experiment, diets are removed at 2001 (lights on) and returned at 0801 (lights off). For days 8 to 14, diets are switched to pellets containing either 0% Fructose, 10% sucrose, 20% glucose (termed as "0% Fructose") or 20% Fructose, 10% sucrose, or 0% glucose (20% Fructose). On the 15th day, mice are killed at 0800 before feeding and 0900, 1030, 1200, and 1530 during the dark phase, with n=5 for each time point and diet[2].

Cell Assay：HUVECs are incubated with Fructose (0.25, 1 and 2.5 mM) for 30 min. Then, cells are washed with PBS and then fresh medium is added. Total mRNA is extracted by cell cultures using TRIzol reagent, at baseline and 60 min after Fructose stimulation and Tissue factor (TF) mRNA levels are examined by realtime reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In positive control experiments, HUVECs are incubated with LPS (50 μg/mL), for 30 min and then mRNA is extracted at 60 min[1].

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References：

[1]. Cirillo P, et al. Fructose induces prothrombotic phenotype in human endothelial cells : A new role for "added sugar" in cardio-metabolic risk. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2015 Nov;40(4):444-51.  [Content Brief]

[2]. Patel C, et al. Effect of dietary fructose on portal and systemic serum fructose levels in rats and in KHK-/- and GLUT5-/- mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015 Nov 1;309(9):G779-90.  [Content Brief]

[3]. Ying Yang, et al. Wuling San protects kidney dysfunction by inhibiting renal TLR4/MyD88 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in high fructose-induced hyperuricemic mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Jul 1:169:49-59.  [Content Brief]

[4]. Raju Padiya, et al. Garlic improves insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic syndromes in fructose fed rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011 Jul 27:8:53.  [Content Brief]