Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones are crucial for protein structure regulation, playing key roles in gene expression regulation, DNA repair, cell signaling, and more. These PTMs of histones can be achieved by adding or removing different chemical groups or proteins, thus affecting chromatin structure and function. Here are some common types of histone PTMs.

1. Acetylation

The addition of acetyl groups usually occurs on lysine residues, reducing the affinity of histones for DNA, relaxing the chromatin structure, and promoting gene expression.

2. Methylation

Methyl groups can be added to lysine or arginine residues. Depending on the site and degree of methylation, it can either activate or suppress gene expression.

3. Phosphorylation

Usually occurs on serine or threonine residues, it is a dynamic and reversible modification that affects gene expression, cell cycle, and DNA damage response.

4. Ubiquitination

Addition of ubiquitin protein is associated with protein degradation, but ubiquitination on histones can also influence chromatin structure and function.

5. SUMOylation

The addition of Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) influences the nuclear localization of histones and the regulation of gene expression.

6. Succinylation

The addition of succinyl groups is a newly discovered modification that affects chromatin structure and gene regulation.

7. Glycosylation

Although not common on histones, the addition of sugar groups can occur in certain cases and affect their function.

8. Citrullination

This modification involves the conversion of arginine residues and impacts gene regulation.

9. ADP-ribosylation

The addition of ADP-ribose groups participates in DNA repair and cellular stress responses.

These post-translational modifications are not only vital for cell function, but their abnormal changes are also associated with cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other pathological conditions. Therefore, research on histone PTMs can help to deepen our understanding of disease mechanisms and develop new therapeutic strategies.

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