urinal Articles
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Trialling urine diversion in Australia: technical and social learnings
This paper discusses a urine diversion (UD) trial implemented within the institutional setting of the University of Technology Sydney that sought to identify key issues for public UD and reuse systems at scale in the Australian urban context. The trial was novel in its transdisciplinary action research approach, that included consideration of urine diverting toilets (UDTs) as socio-technical ...
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Three years of operation of the urine diversion system at GTZ headquarters in Germany: user opinions and maintenance challenges
In the main office building of GTZ in Eschborn, Germany a resource-oriented sanitation system containing urine diversion (UD) toilets and waterless urinals has been in operation since 2006. After 2.5 years of operating the system, a first overall evaluation of the system in terms of its acceptance amongst the users and the cleaning staff was conducted by carrying out two surveys and many ...
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Methods for controlling stored urine odor in resource-oriented sanitation
Urine odor is a major challenge in the development of resource-oriented sanitation (ROS). One common solution to overcome odor issues is to use energy-consuming ventilation practices. However, historically ancient Koreans practiced separation of urine and feces, followed by the collection and utilization of gathered sanitary matters. Furthermore, ancient Persians developed solutions to urine ...
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Survival of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis andMycobacterium bovis in human urineTuberculosis is a zoonotic disease that mainly causes respiratory infection. However, it can also infect other organs such as the kidneys and bladder, which can lead to high counts of the organisms in the urine. Introducing urine diversion systems and reuse of the urine in agriculture may introduce new transmission routes for infection, increasing the risk of spread. This study evaluated the ...
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Uric Acid and Urinal Smells Removal
If you are a pub or a school suffering from smelly urinals or blockages caused by uric acid or limescale then Clearinate is the best natural solution to this problem. One of Europe’s leading environmental biotechnology companies has developed a biologically active liquid for both trade and consumer markets to prevent the build-up of limescale and uric acid deposits in toilets, urinals, ...
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Knowledge, attitudes and practices on use of Fossa Alternas and double vault urine diverting dry (DVUDD) latrines in Malawi
Fossa Alternas and double vault urine diverting dry (DVUDD) latrines have been extensively promoted as ecological sanitation (EcoSan) latrine options in Malawi, but little is known about whether they are used properly. A qualitative study of EcoSan users was conducted in Blantyre and Chikwawa districts, Malawi. Data were collected using in-depth interviews (IDIs). Twenty-eight (28) and ...
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Fertilizer from dried human urine added to ash and lime – a potential product from eco-sanitation system
This research explored the possibility of making fertilizer at a laboratory from source separated and untreated human urine added to ash and lime by drying at low temperatures. A mixture of ash and lime (1:1) was used as drying agent and human urine was applied as undiluted and fresh. Ash and lime were chosen as drying agents for maintaining a pH > 10 during the drying process, which ...
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The survival of mycobacteria in pure human urine
Mycobacterial pathogens can be excreted in human urine by some infected individuals. High numbers of pathogenic mycobacteria in the urine could represent a new transmission route for mycobacterial infections if the urine is used for crop fertilization. In this study, the survival of spiked Mycobacterium aurum and M. fortuitum as fast-growing mycobacteria and M. avium and M. bovis as ...
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Stabilization of source-separated human urine by chemical oxidation
The inhibitory effect of ozone and hydrogen peroxide (HP) on urea hydrolysis in stored urine was investigated and compared. Ozone showed less effect on urea hydrolysis due to the complicated composition of urine (including a large amount of urease-producing bacteria) and bacteria regeneration. Ozone concentration and total heterotrophic bacteria analysis demonstrated that residual ozone ...
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210Po concentration in urine of residents in a high level background radiation area in Iran
As part of an epidemiological survey to determine public exposure to natural radiation and to estimate radionuclide levels in the diet of residents in a high level background radiation area at Ramsar in Iran, 210Po concentrations were determined in 24-hour urine samples by means of a liquid scintillation counting technique. The maximum and minimum mean concentrations of 210Po in 100 ml of urine ...
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Investigation on microbial inactivation and urea decomposition in human urine during thermal storage
The World Health Organization suggests storing human urine for at least 6 months at 20 °C prior to application as fertilizer to reduce the potential health risks from pathogenic organisms. Such a storage condition for human urine, however, not only requires a long period of time and large space but also ignores the risk of nitrogen losses. In this study, human urine underwent thermal ...
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Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: UES optimization and dry product accumulation over time
A urine evaporation system (UES) was optimized and evaluated in a laboratory by adding 5 L of urine at the same time each day for 65 days. The UES consisted of a wooden box that is open at the front only with tracks for 22 vertically stacked cafeteria-type trays and a fan and chimney at the back. Urine flowed from tray to tray via gravity exiting each tray via a weir along the long side of ...
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What is Urine Flow Rate Test?
What is urine flow rate test? You may be unfamiliar with the term urine flow rate or urinary flow rate, which is a common medical term in urology. Put it simply, the rate of urine flow measures how fast urine flows, how much it flows out, and how long it takes. It is expressed in ml/s. Urine flow rate test is done mainly when the following symptoms appear: bladder residual urine increase ...
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What is difference between nappy and diaper?
Diaper's user groups are mainly divided into two categories: infants and adults. Diaper provides a more hygienic growing environment for babies because it reduces the spread and contamination of fecal bacteria more than conventional diapers. Diaper composition: outer wrapping layer, absorbent core layer, base fabric The outer wrapping layer keeps the child's body dry, absorbs urine quickly ...
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Consumption of nitrogen and phosphorus in human urine by Spirulina platensis
In this paper, Spirulina platensis with relatively high nutrition was cultivated to treat human urine. The cultures were maintained at 28?C ? 0.5?C and irradiated with mixed lights of red and green at a light intensity of 150 W/m². The consumption of nitrogen and phosphorus in human urine by Spirulina platensis was studied, and the treating process was analysed in detail. The results showed ...
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An investigation into the potential use of nutrients recovered from urine diversion on a summer housing site: self-sufficiency based on nitrogen balance
ECOSAN is a recent domestic wastewater management concept which suggests segregation at the source. One of these streams, yellow water (human urine) has the potential to be used as fertilizer, directly or indirectly, because of its rich content of plant nutrients. One physicochemical method for indirect use is adsorption/ion exchange using clinoptilolite. This paper aims to present the ...
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Assessing the risk of exogenously consumed pharmaceuticals in land-applied human urine
Once separated, the use of urine as fertilizer is a particular attractive proposition and can significantly mitigate the release of nutrients and pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) to the environment. In the current study, a simple methodological framework is proposed for assessing risks that are posed by the land application of urine, which contains PhACs, in terms of 6 selected ...
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Timing of urinary estrone-3-glucuronide tests
Background The onset of a woman's fertile phase can be identified by an increase in concentration of urinary metabolites of estradiol, including E1-3G (estrone-3-glucuronide). Home ovulation tests typically detect the lutenising hormone (LH) surge, which identifies the day before and day of ovulation. Some tests also measure E1-3G to identify the user's wider fertile phase. Such tests ...
By Clearblue
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Identification of inter‐specific differences in phase II reactions: Determination of metabolites in the urine of 16 mammalian species exposed to environmental pyrene
Inter‐specific differences in xenobiotic metabolism are a key to determining relative sensitivity of animals to xenobiotics. However, information in domesticated livestock, companion animals, and captive and free‐ranging wildlife is incomplete. The present study evaluated inter‐specific differences in phase‐II conjugation using pyrene (PY) as a non‐destructive biomarker of polycyclic aromatic ...
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6 Tips for Maintaining Healthy Bladder Function With Incontinence
The bladder affects your day-to-day wellbeing. Sadly, many people don’t give much thought to a healthy bladder. Each day, an health adult will pass about a quart and a half of urine. When an adult involuntarily leaks urine it is called urinary incontinence. Incontinence can occur among adults of all ages, and there are three major types; stress, urge and mixed. This guide provides ...
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