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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a cytokine that has pleiotropic effects during active immune responses. Its primary role is to induce differentiation of helper T-cells and active B cells. IL-4’s other roles include regulating immunity, upregulating MHC class II production, supporting the proliferation of epithelial cells, and downregulating the production of Th1 cells, macrophages, and some lines of dendritic cells.  IL-4 activates two different receptor complexes, one expressed on hematopoietic cells and another found on nonhematopoietic cells. IL-4 is primarily expressed by Th2-biased CD4+ T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils.