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The M2 antibodies belong to the group of Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) and are strongly associated with PBC. At least 9 distinct AMA have been identified, which have been classified M1-M9 according to their antigen specificity and disease association. Of these, only the M2 subtype approaches absolute specificity for PBC. Indeed, about 95 % of PBC patients have M2 autoantibodies and, conversely, about 90 % of asymptomatic individuals who are found to be M2-positive on routine screening can be shown to have underlying PBC on further investigation.

Following the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies is one of the diagnostic criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Indeed, they are reported to have a high pathogenic and diagnostic significance for SLE. They are among the most frequently detected autoantibodies associated with SLE. Moreover the dsDNA antibody titer usually correlates with disease activity and dsDNA antibodies are therefore classified as markers of SLE activity.

The M2 antibodies belong to the group of Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) and are strongly associated with PBC. At least 9 distinct AMA have been identified, which have been classified M1-M9 according to their antigen specificity and disease association. Of these, only the M2 subtype approaches absolute specificity for PBC. Indeed, about 95 % of PBC patients have M2 autoantibodies and, conversely, about 90 % of asymptomatic individuals who are found to be M2-positive on routine screening can be shown to have underlying PBC on further investigation.

Nucleosome consists of a sequence of DNA wrapped around a Histone octamer. They are responsible of the compactness of DNA in the nucleus.